History of Microbiology (vol-1)

 History of Microbiology 

7000 BC

• Evidence is that the Babylonians manufactured beer (fermentation).
• The civilization of mankind is undeveloped or undeveloped countries, where sanitation is disappeared or lacking . Mankind feats the alcoholic beverages like wine and beer are much safer than local water supply because the water was often contaminated with unwanted microorganisms that cause cholera and other diseases.

3500 BC

• Wine appears

6000 BC

• The first case of Food Spoilage recorded in history.

3500 BC

• Egyptians accomplished cheese (fermentation) and butter(at low water activity).
• Again fermented food such as cheese or yogurt is safer than to eat than their raw agriculture equivalent, apart from this mankind also learned to use salt (low water activity) to preserve the meat and other food around the time.

1000 BC

• Romans used snow to preserve shrimp at low temperature
• The record of smoked and fermented meat also appear

Subsequent this mankind culture discovered a useful way to  preserve the food by fermentation, ice, salt, drying, and smoking but they did not understand how these applications inhibited food spoilage or diseases

The Discussion over Spontaneous Generation

•  In half of the 19th century, various scientists and philosophers that some form of life could arise from non - living materials this called hypothetical spontaneous generation.
• people commonly believed that toads, snakes, mice could be born of moist soil.
• In 1668, physician Francesco Redi come out to demonstrate that maggots did arise spontaneously
• physician Francesco Redi conduct an experiment with two jars with decaying meat
• The first jar was left open to the atmosphere, allowing flies to lay down eggs on the  meat, which developed into larvae
• The second jar was sealed, because of this flies could not get inside, and no maggot appeared,still the entomologist or opposition, not convinced they claimed that the fresh air was needed for spontaneous generation. So Francesco Redi set up the second experiment,in which fine net cloths of sealing it observe no larva appeared in a covered jar even through air present. 

• 
  The evidence for the spontaneous generation of microorganisms seemed to be established in 1745, when John Needham observed that even after he heated chicken broth and corn broth before discharging them into covered jars, the cooling solutions were soon overflowing with microorganisms. Needham claimed that microbes produced spontaneously from the solutions. 20 years succeeding, Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably entered Needham’s solutions after they were steamed. Spallanzani guided that nutrient solution boiled after being sealed in a jar did not develop microbial growth. Needham replied by demanding the “vital force” necessary for a spontaneous generation had been defeated by the heat and was kept out of the jars by the seals.